Friday 30 May 2014

6 Top GWCT blog posts this week - grouse, robins, woodcock & more

Take a look at the GWCT blog posts that readers have found most interesting this week.

Mark Avery calls for grouse shooting ban… (GWCT News)

Killing robins - mischievous reporting or lazy journalism? (GWCT News)

Clear evidence of breeding site fidelity in woodcock (Woodcock Watch)

We're gearing up for Open Farm Sunday (Loddington Estate)

Secret life of mammals in arable farmland (GWCT News)

A "Bottom-up" approach but with far less crap please! (Peter Thompson)


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Thursday 29 May 2014

Mark Avery calls for grouse shooting ban…

by Andrew Gilruth - @AndrewGilruth

Mark Avery* is not alone. He has started a petition calling for an outright ban on driven grouse shooting in England. The logic is very simple. If it is the case that game keepers are preventing the recovery of hen harriers - close them down.

So why not just ban it?

Well a recent scientific publication suggests what might happen if we were short-sighted enough to curb or undermine grouse moor shooting.

Across the UK, there is a strong correlation between grouse moor management and the abundance and productivity of species such as lapwing, curlew and golden plover, which are otherwise increasingly rare. And a new scientific study by the Game & Wildlife Conservation Trust (GWCT), published recently in the Journal of Applied Ecology, identifies that the control of predators such as foxes and crows, carried out to protect red grouse, can benefit one of our most striking birds of prey – the hen harrier.

The consequences of failing to work with farmers and keepers in the wider landscape is nowhere better illustrated than in the uplands of Wales, which once supported the most productive grouse moors in the UK as well as abundant populations of other birds.

However, since the last war almost half of the heather cover in Wales has been lost. Since the 1990s, owing to disease, overgrazing and, from the moor owners’ perspective, a lack of support from conservation agencies, grouse management has been all but abandoned and, as a consequence, upland bird populations have crashed.

This analysis has been leant credibility by a recent study carried out by GWCT, funded by the Moorland Association, which analysed the trends of upland birds in the Berwyn Special Protection Area (SPA) in North Wales. The study focused on changes in red grouse numbers and other upland birds between 1983 and 2002. Like many other parts of Wales, grouse bags peaked early in the 20th century. Unfortunately, this was followed by a steady decline in driven grouse shooting and, with it, upland keepering, which had virtually ceased by 1990.

The study showed that between 1983 and 2002, red grouse declined by 54 per cent in the Berwyn SPA. Over the same period, in the SPA, lapwing became extinct, golden plover declined from ten birds to one, and curlew declined by 79 per cent. Today, over 75 per cent of the entire Welsh black grouse population exists on the one remaining keepered Berwyn moor.

Given the private investment and measurable biodiversity benefits grouse management brings to the rest of the UK, many Welsh moor owners find it difficult to understand a negative and obstructive attitude towards traditional moorland management which had produced such an important landscape worthy of designation. There is a desperate need in Wales for a partnership between conservation agencies and sporting interests.

Conservation management, on its own, has not succeeded.

Alarmingly, we see in south west Scotland a similar decline in upland areas actively managed for red grouse. This abandonment of sporting management threatens the rich tapestry that is the Scottish countryside. We therefore welcome Scottish Natural Heritage’s Wildlife Management Framework, a guide to decision making for wildlife management situations which could be used to test possible ways of re-starting sporting conservation.

Which brings us back to the grouse. Like it or loathe it, red grouse shooting generates on average £30 million to the Scottish economy alone. The management of grouse moors (heather burning, legal predator control) hugely benefits our diverse yet fragile wildlife. And most of this management is funded through the private investment of landowners.

Grouse moor management isn’t perfect and the GWCT and others are working to improve some aspects of it, notably the conservation of some birds of prey. But we, as a nation, should embrace grouse management and the private investment it brings as a positive contribution to biodiversity and celebrate the fact that we have a thriving industry maintaining our heather hills.

Surely it is time to move on and avoid such simplistic views on grouse moor shooting?

UPDATE Defra about to save hen harriers? Read our blog post from 5 June 2014.

*Former RSPB Conservation Director


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Killing robins - mischievous reporting or lazy journalism?

by Andrew Gilruth - @AndrewGilruth

Birds are protected by law. In England and Wales there is only one organisation that can give you permission to disturb our wild bird populations – Natural England. Whether you operate an airport with birds on the airstrip or a hospital kitchen with birds in the ventilation shaft you can’t act without their permission. They do this by issuing licences. There are two broad types:

Case by case licences: If there is a high level of risk of harming the conservation of a species they will seek detailed evidence on a case by case basis. As you would expect, this can take time, visits, and plenty of old fashioned form filling.

More general licences: If the species is abundant and widespread and the action is unlikely to pose any risk to a population (and you have a justifiable situation on your hands) Natural England lets you act quickly under a less bureaucratic system of simplified licences – however you must act responsibly.

It feels right that they have chosen a flexible licensing approach.  If wood pigeons are causing serious damage to a farmer’s crop and if their management is unlikely to pose any risk to their population – why not give him the freedom to act before it’s too late? If the same farmer’s free range chickens were being taken by buzzards – Natural England would only issue a license based on individual basis – requiring more detailed evidence.

Central to this twin licence approach is regularly reviewing which species fall in which category. Natural England take this seriously and have, in past reviews, elegantly moved species from one list to another as the conservation status changes. Where does the robin come in all this? Well during the most recent consultation one of the questions asked by Natural England should robins be moved to the quicker general licence approach? This is sensible question, since:

a) They were only suggesting nest and egg removal (ie no robins to be killed)
b) Only on health grounds

If those that wish to disturb a nest could do so quickly (before a clutch of eggs are laid) the robin will attempt to nest again elsewhere and the risk to human health reduced.

The Game & Wildlife Conservation Trust (GWCT) supported the idea since it is apparent that its aim is to enhance the protection of robins while also preventing a human health risk. The robin population is going up and if there were future conservation concerns for the robin Natural England could always move the robin back to the slower more detailed licensing system.

In the past week a number of newspapers and journals (including Birdwatch) have published wilfully misleading reports on the GWCT’s response to the consultation.  The GWCT urges national media to check their facts on robins! As does Rob Cooke, Director, Natural England here.

The GWCT are not advocating ‘killing robins’ as the reports suggests or have a vested interest in seeing this becoming a legal activity.  Our interest was solely in the belief that this would enhance their future protection and congratulate Natural England for looking carefully at the practical options.


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Wednesday 28 May 2014

Predator control - showing the real impact

With predator control under the spotlight, many lobbying groups are pushing for an end to several practices used to control predator numbers; practices that give game and farmland birds their best chance of survival.

If we lose the management tools to control predators effectively, numbers of some species could reach historic lows.

Previous research shows that predators caused 43% of ground-nesting bird nests to be lost. This included lapwing and wild pheasants. If our hands are tied in stopping crows and other predators destroying eggs and chicks, the populations of many species face severe decline.

We have drafted a response to the consultation, in which Dr Alastair Leake notes his disappointment that “rather than imaginatively seeking ways to alleviate the crisis reported in the State of Nature report, [the consultation] appears only to seek ways to make the tasks of those most closely associated with wildlife management more onerous.”

Together we must be prepared to provide balanced evidence on effective wildlife management when its legitimacy is challenged.

You can help us achieve this

Click here to support our research >

The regulating authorities need robust, dependable evidence on which to base their policy decisions and very often the GWCT alone is able to provide it. Your support gives us a voice above the crowd.

After studying lapwing, curlew and golden plover in the uplands from 2000-08, we saw that the average breeding pair was 3.5 times more likely to breed successfully if it was in an area subject to predator control.

Dedicated research work is the only way to find the real impact of predation. It allows us to produce the peer-reviewed science that makes people sit up and listen.

With our expertise founded in practical experience, our scientific skills and our reputation for ‘telling things how they are’, we are also well-placed to carry out commissioned research.

Your support for this work can help increase survival rates of several species for years to come.

Having evidence of the true impact of predator control allows us to put the facts in front of other individuals and organisations. This lets those in the countryside get on with what they’ve been doing for decades – looking after our beloved game and wildlife.

Please help provide the science to give game and farmland birds a fighting chance.

Click here to support our research >


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Tuesday 27 May 2014

Secret life of mammals in arable farmland

A St Andrews University student is shedding light on the secret life of small mammals in arable farmland.

Amanda Wilson is being mentored through her PhD by Dave Parish, our senior scientist, and is investigating how small mammals use arable habitat within Tayside. Amanda is a joint student between the University of St Andrews and the James Hutton Institute in Dundee, where she is being supervised by Dr Brian Fenton, Dr Graham Begg and Professor Steve Hubbard.

During the growing season wood mice make use of both crop and semi-natural habitat.

Research into the effect of small mammals within agricultural systems has been traditionally lacking. Nevertheless, they may play an important positive or negative role in achieving sustainable agriculture, by consuming weed seeds for example. They are an abundant and common environmental resource and provide a food source for rare and threatened birds of prey and larger mammals. They may also compromise food production, especially at high densities, by consuming crops.

“We have been combining molecular genetics with live trapping to investigate habitat use by individuals at different stages of the growing season,” explained Amanda, who has captured hundreds of wood mice and extracted DNA from their hair. “This information can be used to identify positions where unique individuals have been recaptured and to investigate population genetic structure and how it changes throughout the growing season.

“Initial findings have shown that during the early growing season, wood mice made use of both crop and semi-natural habitat. In contrast, voles appeared to make greater use of semi-natural habitat provided via agri-environment schemes. We found evidence that wood mouse population structure is altered around the time when harvesting occurs, perhaps being driven by this disturbance. Research at a larger scale has suggested that wood mice move through arable habitats easier than urban ones, as the latter are usually more fragmented.”

Amanda hopes her research will provide greater insight into small mammal population structure within agricultural habitat, the most common type of habitat in Britain (70-75% of all land). See more at www.gwct.org.uk/scotland/smallmammals


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Friday 23 May 2014

6 Top GWCT blog posts this week

Below are the 6 most popular blog posts published by the GWCT this week:

Can Brian May do it better?
Brian May wishes to purchase the 665 acre Chargot Estate on Exmoor in an apparent attempt to halt the Somerset badger cull...read more

RSPB should be congratulated
Martin Harper, the RSPB’s conservation director has published on his blog the number of “vertebrates killed on RSPB reserves by us and our contractors during 2012/13”...read more

Thank you for your comments on proposed General Licences changes
We'd like to take this opportunity to thank those of you who commented on our draft response to Natural England's proposed changes to the class and general licences...read more

Increasing food and bees - the results
Since 2009 we have been working in partnership with Conservation Grade to develop multi-functional wildlife crops and produce them in a more integrated way, reducing the need for agrochemicals...read more

Learn how you can help the grey partridge recovery
We're running a free course on 27th June designed to help on-farm advisors learn about the key elements that are required to bring about the recovery of grey partridges..read more

Restoring the Welsh uplands to their former glory
The decline of wildlife in Wales has been well documented, but there is renewed hope that working together with conservation organisations and the Welsh Government, the Welsh uplands can be restored to their former glory...read more


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Increasing food and bees - the results

Since 2009 we have been working in partnership with Conservation Grade to develop multi-functional wildlife crops and produce them in a more integrated way, reducing the need for agrochemicals.

We tested a wildlife crop rotation of a grass and legume mix across different soil types, aimed to support bees, butterflies and insect chick-food; generate soil nitrogen; and inhibit noxious weeds.

This was followed by two years of a wild bird seed mix that would provide seed and insect food for birds and cover in winter. The grass legume mix was made up of two grasses (meadow fescue and timothy), four clovers (red, alsike, crimson and white), bird’s-foot trefoil, sainfoin, early English vetch, yellow trefoil and lucerne.

Main results
  • On the clay soils, little extra soil nitrogen was detected after the two-year legume ley, however on the sandy soils there was on average an extra 65kg of nitrogen per hectare, with a maximum of 188kg of nitrogen per hectare. In one year heavy rainfall destroyed the ley, so in future years we will sow legumes within the wild bird seed mixture, as many legumes leak nitrogen while they grow.
  • The diversity and abundance of wild bees was higher in the legume ley compared with nearby wild flower habitats. There was much less variation between plots, so legume leys provided a more reliable source of flowers.
  • Long-tongued bees and solitary bees preferred the legume ley compared with wild flower habitats.
  • Over 90% of wild bee visits were to just 10 plant species, of which six were in the legume ley and four common wild flowers.
  • Hoverflies, whose larvae are voracious aphid predators, preferred to forage on smaller flowers such as black medic and other flowers found in the wild flower habitats.
  • The legume ley supported over four times more grey partridge chick-food insects and almost twice as much general farmland bird food and pest natural enemies compared with wildflower or grass-only habitats.
Pollinators in Westminster

We presented this work at the Game & Wildlife Conservation All-Party Parliamentary Group (APPG) meeting in Westminster this spring.

Parliamentarians heard that we need to up our game in terms of creating the right farmland environment to protect vital bees and other important pollinating insects, while at the same time increasing food production.

A vibrant discussion followed with a number of questions from MPs including; Caroline Spellman MP, Angela Smith MP, Richard Benyon MP and Baroness Byford.


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Thursday 22 May 2014

Restoring the Welsh uplands to their former glory

The decline of wildlife in Wales has been well documented, but there is renewed hope that working together with conservation organisations and the Welsh Government, the Welsh uplands can be restored to their former glory.

Not long ago the wildlife of Wales was rich and diverse with an active and successful sporting scene, but since the 1990s bird populations have crashed alarmingly. This was depicted by the State of Nature report, which reported a story of decline throughout the UK. This was starkly illustrated in the Welsh uplands where species such as curlew, black grouse, lapwing, golden plover and red grouse, which are still common on the grouse moors of northern England, were identified as in steep and possibly terminal decline.

We have been aware of this decline, and after producing remarkable recoveries in some of these species at the Welsh Grouse Project at Pale Moor by the simple application of good game management, we had to watch from the sidelines as these precious gains disappeared when game management ceased.

However, with the amalgamation of the Forestry Commission, Environment Agency and Countryside Council for Wales to form Natural Resources Wales, coupled with enthusiasm from the Welsh Government to investigate innovative ways to breathe new life into the uplands, we believe this could be an excellent opportunity to demonstrate how properly conducted game management can reinvigorate not just upland wildlife, but the local economy.

Our existing science-based management options are applicable to many Welsh problems and our record in resolving site- and species-specific issues makes us ideally suited to help everyone with the best interests of the Welsh uplands at heart. This includes involving the many existing landowners and land managers who have suffered years of frustration watching valuable assets degrade for no significant biodiversity gain.

We have appointed Catherine Hughes as our first policy and development officer who will focus solely on issues in Wales, and together with the resurgence of excellent Welsh regional committees and the absolute commitment of our scientists and executive, we will do all we can to show how the principles of game management can help wildlife recovery and ensure that our key bird species are flourishing once more.

Support in Wales

The GWCT committees in Wales are playing a huge part in our achievements so far. They have held various events to highlight the Trust’s work and to raise funds, from evening talks to shoot walks.

There is also a group of very supportive people in south-west Wales who have held a talk on our woodcock work and hopefully will form a larger committee very shortly. Help and support in Wales are much appreciated so please get in touch if you would like to help in any way. Please contact mkendry@gwct.org.uk.


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Wednesday 21 May 2014

What's inside the latest GWCT Gamewise magazine

The summer issue of Gamewise - the magazine for GWCT members will be arriving on members' doorsteps at the start of June.

Here is a sneak preview of what's inside and we'll be publishing some of the articles on this blog so make sure you subscribe for email updates below:

Conservation News

MOUNTAIN HARES
Informing the mountain hare debate

A GAME SOLUTION FOR WELSH UPLANDS
Welsh Government and conservation agencies unite

GWCT AMBASSADOR ON SIDE
Welcome new trustee David Flux

BRINGING LIFE TO LAPWING
Successful EU bid for the Avon Valley

SHARING TIPS FOR SUCCESS
Hertfordshire chairman Hugo Richardson

Expert Advice

RETAINING WATER WITH HEALTHY SOILS
How to stop water run-off and soil loss

SUMMER ACTION PLAN
Expert advice for June to October, lead shot Qs & As, Young shooters days

CREATING THE ULTIMATE...
Pheasant release pen, red grouse Q&As, shoot biodiversity, training

Conservation Features

SHARING KNOWLEDGE
Sharing our research at the Allerton Project with local farmers, CAP reform

OUR CONSERVATION PARTNERS
Dave Webster, chief executive of Natural England, gives his opinion

SWAMPED BY FLOODWATER
The effect of flooding on salmonids

HALF A MILLION ACRES FOR WILDLIFE
Our Big Farmland Bird Count revealed that 80% of farmers are helping farmland birds

LUCKY SEVEN FOR LANGHOLM?
The Langholm Moor Demonstration Project - reconciling grouse and raptors

SATELLITE TAGGING WOODCOCK
Unlocking secrets with your generous support

INCREASING FOOD AND BEES
The importance of pollinators and the Darwin Initiative


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Tuesday 20 May 2014

Learn how you can help the grey partridge recovery

We're running a free course on 27th June designed to help on-farm advisors learn about the key elements that are required to bring about the recovery of grey partridges.

Leading scientists and advisors from the Trust will be speaking during the day which kicks off at 10am at our Allerton Project farm in Leicestershire. There will also be a chance to tour the innovative farm after lunch.

You can book your place online here. Be quick though - it is FREE and places are limited.

If you wish to book by phone please call 01425 651013 or email lferguson@gwct.org.uk.




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Monday 19 May 2014

Can Brian May do it better?

by Andrew Gilruth - @AndrewGilruth

Brian May wishes to purchase the 665 acre Chargot Estate on Exmoor in an apparent attempt to halt the Somerset badger cull. The estate, which employs a reported 100 people, is famous for its game shoot. May’s spokeswoman, Anne Brummer, said that the dream was to seek “…better ways of husbandry of the woodland…” with “…no culling, no pesticides, no herbicides...“. It remains unclear if this new approach will still provide as much local employment.

The history of UK nature conservation contains many examples of philanthropic individuals that have been prepared to be focused.

We could do with more of them.

Those willing and able to personally invest in large scale conservation initiatives have often struck pure gold in terms of conservation. Examples include the work on the Norfolk Estate which has seen the remarkable recovery of the local grey partridge population. To illustrate, through personal commitment from the Duke of Norfolk, the population has exploded to around 1,000 pairs, from just 3 pairs in 2003. The motive was sport but it does not have to be.

The lapwing population at the UK’s only farmer-managed National Nature Reserve (NNR) at Elmley on the Romney Marshes is inspirational. Philip Merricks and his staff love wildlife, and have driven up their lapwing breeding success to such an extent that it is now 12 times that of a neighbouring reserve run by a large national conservation charity. Astonishing.

The challenge in all cases is to monitor your populations before you start and then keep monitoring the change. If you seek to demonstrate a ‘better way’ you need evidence to show that it is better.

Chargot could be a fascinating study site. Is it possible to have a healthy badger population and a healthy hedgehog population? And foxes? A recent study published by the universities of Exeter and Southampton and the Animal Health Veterinary Laboratories (AHVLA) found badgers do have some impact on hedgehog and fox populations. Chargot could inform that discussion. It would also be interesting to track any success and how it can be achieved without controlling other populations. How can you control deer numbers to avoid them overgrazing the woodland to the detriment of other species? Tough one. If the purchase goes ahead, fascinating times ahead.

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Thank you for your comments on proposed General Licences changes

We'd like to take this opportunity to thank those of you who commented on our draft response to Natural England's proposed changes to the class and general licences.

We have listened to the thoughts of our members (you can read a selection of comments here) and have amended our response accordingly.

We have now submitted our response to Natural England and you can read it here.


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Friday 16 May 2014

This week's GWCT blogs roundup

Take a look at this week's blog posts from across the GWCT covering our research conference, our members' thoughts on proposed changes to the General Licences and an update on our trout life history project.

Your responses to proposed 2014 General Licences changes (GWCT News)

The Trout Life History Project - an update (GWCT Fisheries)

The GWCT Research Conference as it happened (GWCT News)

GWCT woodcock work featured in new BTO magazine (Woodcock Watch)

Darwin's dilemma (Peter Thompson's Blog)


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Thursday 15 May 2014

Your responses to proposed 2014 General Licences changes

Earlier this week we asked our members to comment on our response to Natural England's proposed changes to the class and general licences.

While the changes are essentially aimed at protecting vulnerable species, many have raised concerns about several of the proposals, including onerous new requirements for those involved in wildlife management.

You can read our draft response here and leave a comment.

Below is a selection of the many comments we have received so far:

"I support your reasoned and logical response. Shooting remains the most effective method of pest control over crops and often takes over where other methods have failed."

"The GWCT back up their opinions with sound scientific fact which they are happy to demonstrate publicly. I do not think it is asking too much to expect Natural England to do the same. If they can demonstrate, with sound scientific research, the need to make Changes to Class & General Licences 2014 then I will certainly be prepared to consider giving them my backing. The current Class & General Licences system works. Natural England must be required to demonstrate why any changes should be made."

"I have been pondering how to unravel this consultation and respond as an individual, so your balanced and thoughtful reply to what is a 'Curates Egg' of a document ( a protected species of course!) is very timely. Well done to Dr Leake and all at GWCT who contributed."

"I fully endorse the GWCT's reply and agree with them that Natural England do not give enough reasons or actual facts or clear or concise evidence as to why these changes should be introduced."

"Legislation is a blunt tool, indiscriminate and too often irreversible. Where any species has no natural predator except humans we, the custodians of our wildlife and landscape, have to be able to act - it's a question of balance and humans, not the law, are the only ones able to take decisions tailored to individual sites or species. Less regulation, more education and even appreciation of what we do when done well is, in my view, the way forward."

"I found this a really useful and informative document. I would like to offer my support of the view that species protection should be altered both up and down according to its conservation status. The protection of vulnerable species through controlling the extreme numbers of others that are successful at their expense is very important. I agree that control of pest species should not be made any more difficult than it is at present, and hope that the draft response is able to prevent any unhelpful changes in legislation."

"We are in an era that seeks to reduce excessive regulations and red tape. Strong and valid proportionate evidence is needed before adding to the status quo of guidelines/regulation/ and law. We strongly support the GWCT response."

"Don't we have enough stupid restrictions in the countryside?"

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Tuesday 13 May 2014

The GWCT Research Conference as it happened

Nearly 200 scientists, farmers and those with an interest in conservation attended our wildlife research conference on Tuesday 13th May.

A packed programme delivered by GWCT scientists and advisors and introduced by Richard Benyon MP covered a range of subjects including reversing the decline in biodiversity, the success of farmer-led initiatives, cluster farms, wader recovery, optimal use of agri-environment in the landscape and farmland insect declines.

Below are tweets from throughout the day by some of those who attended the conference:



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Friday 9 May 2014

This week's GWCT blog roundup

Below are this week's blog posts from across the GWCT:

GWCT study featured in British Ecological Society's '100 Influencial Papers' (GWCT News)

New chart shows latest Woodcock Watch data at a glance (Woodcock Watch)

Completely avoiding bees while spraying and creating a right stink - two new exciting ideas (Peter Thompson's Blog)

Rebecca returns to the same patch of forest three years running (Woodcock Watch)

2013 Salmon research report now available online (GWCT Fisheries)

We are not special (Allerton Project Research)

Don't forget to subscribe to get the latest blog posts emailed to you as soon as they are published. Simply enter your email address in the box on the right of this page.

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Wednesday 7 May 2014

GWCT study featured in British Ecological Society's '100 Influential Papers'

To mark their 100th anniversary the British Ecological Society have published a collection of 100 influential papers including our 1992 study -  Do parasites make prey vulnerable to predation? Red grouse and parasites.

According to the British Ecological Society, the paper is "an interesting mixture of observation, experiments and mathematical modelling focusing on one issue: the interaction between two natural enemies in their impact upon their host."

Download the paper here >







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